Research periods are split into morning, afternoon, and night sessions, although typically active fieldwork is largely undertaken during two of these sessions on any particular 24-hour period (e.g. morning and night or morning and afternoon), for a total of between 6-7 hrs per day. Morning session activities begin after breakfast at 8:00 am with checking and/or re-setting traps for butterflies and/or dung beetles, including preparing fresh bait mixtures. Trapped individuals are identified, counted, and in the case of dung-beetles measured and weighed before being released. Some species of butterfly and dung-beetle are also marked with a non-invasive colour pattern to help identify recaptured individuals at later sampling periods to help estimate density of these species. Some individuals may be taken back to the station in order to take close-up macro photographs of them, especially when field identification of them is hard, and then released back at the point of capture. When re-sighting traps, the GPS location of these are noted, as are the microhabitat types around each trap. Afternoon sessions for butterflies and dung-beetles are similar, although the field portion tends to be shorter, with more time dedicated to inputting and analysing data. Spiders large and small are sampled in 10x10 m plots located randomly throughout the forest habitat types of interest, and to a lesser extent during timed walks through the forest. During intensive fixed search periods within plots, as many spider species as possible are sampled by temporarily capturing them and placing them in Tupperware boxes. Ground- and subterranean-dwelling species are also sampled. With the help of magnifying glasses and photos, each species is identified and subsequently released within the plot. When it comes to colonies of social spiders (Anelosimus eximius), we use large bait material (e.g. grasshoppers) to entice the spiders out into the middle of their large web where we can more easily count the number of individuals in the colony. Nighttime sampling sessions are dedicated to spiders and again involve a combination of plot sampling and random walks in the forest habitats of interest at each site. When weather conditions may not allow for invertebrate sampling to take place, then these periods are used for data entry and data analysis purposes using project laptops. All research schedules and activities are subject to change at the discretion of the team coordinator.